{"id":53728,"date":"2024-02-16T12:37:45","date_gmt":"2024-02-16T09:07:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/?p=53728"},"modified":"2024-02-16T12:37:45","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T09:07:45","slug":"islamic-rev-marks-end-of-western-domination-over-iran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/53728\/islamic-rev-marks-end-of-western-domination-over-iran\/","title":{"rendered":"Islamic Rev. marks end of Western domination over Iran"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

The\u00a0Islamic Revolution of Iran was a popular uprising in the Muslim-majority country of Iran in 1978\u201379 that resulted in the toppling of the authoritarian government led by the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, on February 11, 1979. Islamist revolutionaries opposed the western secular policies of the Shah which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic after the revolution under the Leadership of Imam Khomeini.<\/p>\n

Political History<\/strong><\/p>\n

The 1979 revolution, which brought together Iranians across many different social groups, has its roots in Iran\u2019s long history. These groups, which included clergy, landowners, intellectuals, and merchants, had previously come together in the Constitutional Revolution of 1905\u201311. Efforts toward satisfactory reform were continually stifled, however, amid reemerging social tensions as well as foreign intervention.<\/p>\n

1953 Iranian coup d’\u00e9tat<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1953, amid a power struggle between Mohammed Reza Shah and Prime Minister\u00a0Mohammad Mosaddegh, the U.S.\u00a0Central Intelligence Agency\u00a0(CIA) and the U.K.\u00a0Secret Intelligence Service\u00a0(MI6) orchestrated a coup against Mosaddegh\u2019s government.<\/p>\n

After the\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the\u00a0Western Bloc\u00a0and cultivated a close relationship with the\u00a0United States\u00a0to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler.<\/p>\n

\"Islamic<\/p>\n

White Revolution<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mohammad Reza Shah dismissed the parliament and launched the White Revolution in 1963 which led to rapid urbanization and Westernization, and prompted concerns over democracy and human rights. The program was economically successful, but the benefits were not distributed evenly, though the transformative effects on social norms and institutions were widely felt.<\/p>\n

The White Revolution led to new social tensions that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been trying to avoid. The Shah’s reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the past\u2014the intelligentsia and the urban working class. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers.<\/p>\n

\"Islamic<\/p>\n

Rise of Imam Khomeini, Arresting and Exiling\u00a0by Pahlavi Regime<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the Islamic Revolution, first came to political prominence in 1963 when he led opposition to the Shah and his program of reforms known as the “White Revolution”.<\/p>\n

Imam Khomeini was arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a “wretched miserable man” who had “embarked on the [path toward] destruction of Islam in Iran.” Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources.<\/p>\n

Imam Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran’s close cooperation with Israel and its capitulations, or extension of diplomatic immunity, to American government personnel in Iran.<\/p>\n

In November 1964, he was re-arrested and sent into exile where he remained for 15 years (mostly in Najaf, Iraq), until the Revolution.<\/p>\n

During his\u00a0exile, Imam Khomeini coordinated this upsurge of opposition\u2014first from\u00a0Iraq\u00a0and after 1978 from France\u2014demanding the shah\u2019s abdication.<\/p>\n

A period of “disaffected calm” followed during this decade. Despite political repression, the budding Islamic revival began to undermine the concept that \u2018Westernization equals progress\u2019 — this had served as the basis of the Shah’s secular regime. Imam Khomeini preached that revolt, and especially martyrdom, against injustice and tyranny was part of Islam, and that Muslims should reject the influence of both capitalism and communism with the slogan “Neither East nor West – Islamic Republic!”<\/p>\n

\"Islamic<\/p>\n

Cinema Rex fire\u00a0in 1978<\/strong><\/p>\n

In August 1978, the deaths of between 377 and 470 people in the\u00a0Cinema Rex fire orchestrated by Pahlavi’s\u00a0SAVAK came to catalyze a popular revolutionary movement across all of Iran,\u00a0and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the entire country for the remainder of that year.<\/p>\n

Shah flees, Imam Khomeini returns to Iran<\/strong><\/p>\n

In January 1979, in what was officially described as a \u201cvacation,\u201d the shah and his family fled Iran. Crowds of over one million demonstrated in Tehran, proving the wide appeal of Imam Khomeini, who arrived in Iran amid wild rejoicing on February 1.\u00a0Ruhollah Khomeini\u2019s return to Iran on 1 February 1979, after 14 years in exile, was an important event in the Iranian Revolution. It led to the collapse of the provisional government of Shapour Bakhtiar and the final overthrow of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 11 February 1979.<\/p>\n

Upon his return, he was greeted by crowds of millions, and within 10 days the Revolution would be successful.<\/p>\n

\"Islamic<\/p>\n

Victory of Revolution<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979 was caused by the participation of different groups of people. The\u00a0Pahlavi dynasty\u00a0officially ended and finally, conditions were prepared to form the\u00a0Islamic Republic\u00a0led by the cleric,\u00a0Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Islamic thoughts and characters had a significant role in the anti-monarchic revolution and Imam Khomeini called it a revolution.<\/p>\n

On 11 February 1979, after the victory of the Iranian Revolution, hundreds of military personnel and policemen marched toward\u00a0Azadi Tower.<\/p>\n

One of their demands was a lack of dependence on the\u00a0United States\u00a0and the\u00a0Soviet Union\u00a0as dominant powers of that time.<\/p>\n

Islamic Republic referendum<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u00a0referendum on creating an\u00a0Islamic Republic\u00a0was held in\u00a0Iran\u00a0on 30 and 31 March 1979 in which 98% of Iranian voters approved the country’s shift to an\u00a0Islamic republic, the new government began efforts to draft the present-day\u00a0Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.<\/p>\n

On April 1, 1979, the 2,500-year-old Persian Empire in Iran came to an end, with Ayatollah Khomeini declaring it as the first day of a “Government of God.” He emphasized the need to ratify a new Constitution.<\/p>\n

\"Islamic<\/p>\n

Fajr decade<\/strong><\/p>\n

The 45th anniversary of the Ten-Day Fajr ( Dawn) celebrations marks the victory of the Islamic Revolution.<\/p>\n

Every year, the anniversary marks the date of the return of the late founder of the Islamic Republic, Imam Khomeini, after several years in exile and the end of the US-backed Pahlavi regime in 1979 with the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and it is celebrated from February 1 to 11 (Ten-day Fajr).<\/p>\n

\"Islamic<\/p>\n

MNA<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The\u00a0Islamic Revolution of Iran was a popular uprising in the Muslim-majority country of Iran in 1978\u2013\u06f7\u06f9 that resulted in the toppling of the authoritarian government led by the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, on February 11, 1979. Islamist revolutionaries opposed the western secular policies of the Shah which led to the establishment of an […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[7100,7112,7107],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53728","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-international-en","category-culture-en","category-religion-thought-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53728","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53728"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53728\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53728"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53728"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zardis.net\/news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53728"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}